Jungguo
Qatarliq Döletlerde
Tébbiy Mektepni Püttürgen Oqughuchilarning
Amérikigha Kélish Yolliri
Yazghuchi: Memet Emin
Amérikidiki
Tébbiy
Mektep Tüzümi
Amérikida
Tébbiy Mektep (
Amérikida
Tébbiy Mektep (Medical School)
adette 4 yilliq bolup, bashta oqughan 4 yilni qoshqanda, doxturluq
mektepni püttürüp
chiqish üchün jemi 8 yil waqit kétidu. Oqush
püttürüp chiqqanlar biwasite doktorluq
yeni MD (Doctor of Medicine, 医学博士) unwani alidu. Shunga
Amérikida tébbiy mektepning bakalawrliq,
magistérliq unwani yoq. Tébbiy Mektepte
oqup chiqsila PhD bilen barawer bolghan MD unwani alidu. Tébbiy
Mektepni püttürgen
oqughuchilar oqush püttürgendin kéyin Amérikida
bir tutash élinidighan USMLE (United
States Medical License Examination, 美国医生执照考试) dep atilidighan
imtihanni bérip, yaxshi netijige érishkendin
kéyin, birer doxturxana tépip, 3 yildin
4 yilghiche residency (Zhu Yuan Yi Shi, 住院医生) bolup ishligendin
kéyin, andin resmiy doxtur bolup, musteqil xizmet qilalaydu.
Amérikida aliy
mektepni püttürgenlerge
meyli qaysi kesipte oqughan bolsun bir tutash xizmet teqsimati
qilinmaydu, xizmetni
pütünley ozi tapidu. Doxturluq mektipini
püttürgenlermu residency bolush üchün USMLE
dégen imtihandin yaxshi netijige iriship, doxturxanini özi
tépishi kérek, bolmisa
doxturluq mektipini oqup püttürgen bilen doxtur bolalamaydu.
Amérikida
tébbiy mektepni püttürgenler
yene oqumaqchi bolsa, doxturluq bilen munasiwetlik birer kespni tallap
yene 3~5
yil oqusa PhD unwani alidu. Bu chagha bu oqughuchi qosh doktor unwanliq
yeni MD,
PhD bolup chiqidu. Bundaqlar köpinche hallarda kelgüside
doxturluq qilishni emes,
belki tetqiqat bilen yaki tébbiy mekteplerde oqutquchiliq bilen
shughullinishni
meqset qilghanlar hésablinidu.
Amérikining
Bashqa
Döletlerde Tibbiy Mekteplirini Püttürgen Oqughuchilargha
Tutqan Siyasiti
Amérika Junggo
qatarliq nurghun döletlerning
Tébbiy Mekteplirini toluq étirap qilidighan bolup, u
mekteplerde oqughan oqughuchilarnimu
oxshashla doktor yeni MD (Doctor of Medicine, 医学博士) dep tonuydu. Chet
elde tébbiy mektepni püttürgen oqughuchilar
Junggoda, Hindistanda,
Pakistanda we bashqa
munasiwetlik döletlerde tébbiy mektepni püttürgen
köpligen oqughuchilar, Amérikida
qayta tébbiy mektepte oqumayla esli dölettiki diplom bilen
doxtur bolup ishlimekte.
Hetta bezi Amérikida tughulup chong bolghan Hindistanliq we
Pakistanliqlar Amérikida
Tébbiy Mektepte oqushni tes we qimmet körüp, toluq
ottura mektepni püttürüpla esli
dölitige bérip, özining til alahidilikidin paydilinip,
4 yil oqup, Amérikida 1,
2 yil imtihan’gha teyyarliq qilipla USMLE dégen imtihandin
ötüp, Amérikiliqlar 8
yil oqup 300 ming dollargha yéqin pul xejlep doxtur bolsa, ular
4 yil oqup bir nechche
ming dollar pul bilenla doxtur bolmaqta.
Junggoda tébbiy
mektepni püttürgen oqughuchilar
til jehette sel qinalghanliqi üchün, USMLE dégen
imtihandin ötüshke ketken waqit
sel uzun bolup, köpinche kishiler adette Amérikigha
kélip aldi bilen tetqiqat xizmiti
bilen shughullinip, 5 -10 yil xizmet qilip, til ötkilidin
ötkendin kéyin andin USMLE
ge imtihan bérip doxtur bolidu. Biraq, men bilidighan bir Uyghur
qiz Shinjang Tébbiy
Uniwérsitétini 1996-yili püttürgen bolup, hazir
Amérikida tébbiy mektepni qayta
oqumayla USMLE dégen imtihandin ela netije élip, bir
chong doxturxanida residency
(住院医生) bolup ishlimekte.
Alla buyrisa yene 3 yildin kéyin Shinjang Tébbiy
Uniwérsitétining
diplomi bilen Amérikida resmiy doxtur bolghan tunji Uyghur bolup
qalidu.
Beziler
Amérikida Junggoning doxturluq
oqush tarixini étirap qilmaydiken dégen qarashta.
Méningche bu bir mujimel qarash.
Amérikining doxturluq tüzümi nahayiti mukemmel
bolghachqa, meyli Junggodin kelgen
doxtur bolsun we yaki bashqa herqandaq dölettin kelgen doxtur
bolsun, Amérikigha
kelgendin kéyin biwasite doxtur bolalmaydu. Bu hergizmu u
kishining doktorluk unwani
yeni MD unwanini étirap qilmighanliq emes.
Chet elde bashqa
kespte oqughan oqughuchilargha
nisbeten, burun qaysi unwan alghan bolsa shu unwan boyiche
étirap qilinidu. Shunga
peqet bashqa dölette tébbiy mekteplerde oqughan chet ellik
oqughuchilarla Amérikida
unwan jehette alahide paydigha érishken dep qarashqa bolidu.
Bashqa Döletlerde
Tébbiy Mektepni Püttürüp Amérikigha
Kélishni Arzu Qilghan Oqughuchilarning Amérikigha
Kélish Yolliri
Eger Junggoda
Doxturluq Mektipini püttürgenler
Amérikigha kélip doxturluq kespining magistérliq
kespide oqumaqchi bolsa qandaq
qilishi kérek dégen mesilige kelsek, deslepte dep
ötkendek Amérikida doxturluq saheside
magistérliq unwani yoq. Doxturluq Mektepni püttürgen
herqandaq adem doktor yeni
MD hésablinidu. Undin bashqa Amérikida doxturluq kespi,
kirish eng qiyin, oqush
puli eng qimmet bolghan kesplerning biri bolup, chet elliklerning
doxturluq mektipige
kirishi nahayti qiyin, bolupmu Junggo pasporti bilen Doxturluq Mektepke
kirish asasen
mumkin emes.
Undaqta Junggoda
Doxturluq Mektipini püttürgenler
Amérikigha kélip oqumaqchi bolsa qandaq qilish
kérek dégende, Junggoda alghan bakalawrluq
diplomini MD dep qarap, doxturluq bilen munasiwetlik (Bioscience or
health science,
生物科学) penler dairiside
biwasite PhD ge iltimas qilsa bolidu. Beziler bilmesliktin
magistérliqqa iltimas qilip, Amérikigha kélip
magistérliq unwanini alghan bolsimu,
biraq, kéyinche yene burunqi MD unwanini ishlitidu, bolmisa
keynige chékingenlik
bolidu. Men bilidighan bezi Junngoluqlar Junggoda Doxturluq Mektipini
püttürgendin
kéyin, gerche dorigerlik yaki irsiyet qatarliq penlerde
magistérliq oqughan bolsimu,
biraq Amérikigha kelgendin kéyin yenila MD dep
ishlitiwatidu. Magistér MD din töwen
turidighan bolup, Amérikida bérilidighan maash
ölchimimu MD din töwen bolidu.
Shunga Junggoda
tébbiy mektepni püttürgenler
Amérikida
xizmet tépish asan bolghan doxturluq
bilen munasiwetlik kespler Biochemistry (生
物化学),
Biology(生物学), Genetics 遗
传学,
Histology (组织学), Immunology (免疫学),
Microbiology
(微生物学), Bacteriology ( 细
菌学),
Virology ( 病毒学), Molecular Biology (分子生物学), Molecular Biophysics (分子生物物理学), Pathology ( 病理学) , Pathophysiology
( 病理生理学), Pharmacology (药理学), Physiology (生理学).
Eger siz Junggoda
yuqiriqi kesplerde oqup
PhD alghan bolsingiz, Amérikigha kélishingiz asan’gha
toxtaydu, yaki Amérikigha
kélip yuqiriqi kesplerde PhD oqusingiz oqush
püttürgendin kéyin xizmet tépish,
Amérikida
turup qélish yeni Green Card (Lü Ka) élishingiz
qiyin emes.
Amérikidiki Aliy Mektep
we Tetqiqat Organliri Néme Üchün Bashqa
Döletlerde Oqush Püttürgen MD yaki PhD larga
Muhtaj?
Amérikida
oxshimighan unwan we oxshimighan
kesptikilerge bérilidighan maashta belgilik ölchem bolup,
Amérikida bakalawr unwani
alghanlarning bashlinish maashi adette 30 mingdin 50 dollar ariliqida
bolidu. Magistérliq
unwani alghanlarning bashlinish maashi adette 50 ming dollardin 80 ming
dollar ariliqida
bolidu. PhD unwani alghanlarning bashlinish maashi adette 70 mingdin
120 ming dollar
ariliqida bolidu. MD unwani alghanlar USMLE imtihanidin ötüp
3, 4 yilliq residency
(住院医生) bolush jeryanida
yiligha 40 mingdin 60 ming dollar maash alidu. Resmiy doxtur
bolghandin kéyin deslepki maashi adette 120 ming dollar etrapida
bolidu, bir nechche
yildin kéyin bezi kesplerning doxturliri yiligha yérim
milyondin 1 milyon ariliqida
maash alidu. Birnechche milyon maash alidighan doxturlarmu az emes.
Elwette oxshimighan
shitat we sheherler arisida belgilik perqler bar.
J1 wiza bilen
Amérikigha kelgen chet elde
MD yaki PhD unwani alghanlargha béridighan maash adette yiligha
18 ming dollardin
24 ming dollar etrapida bolidu. H-1B wiza bilen Amérikigha
kelgen chet elde MD yaki
PhD unwani alghanlargha bérilidighan maash adette yiligha 34
ming dollardin 55 ming
dollar etrapida bolidu.
Amérikida adem
alidighan organlargha adem
élishta aldi bilen Amérikiliq yaki Amérikida
mengülük turush hoquqi barlarni yeni
«green card»i barlarni élish telep qilinidighan
bolup, chet ellikni yallap ishlitishning
shertliri töwendikilerdin ibaret. (1) Yuqiri sewiyelik töwen
maashliq kishiler.
Yeni béridighan maashi töwen bolghanchqa Amérikidiki
oxshash melumatliq kishiler
bu xizmetni qilishni xalimighan bolushi kérek. (2)
Amérikida kem uchraydighan qol
hünerwen yaki yoqap kétish éhtimali bolghan kesp
bilen shughallan’ghuchilar. (3)
Amérikiliqlar qilishni xalimaydighan éghir, japaliq,
xeterlik xizmetler bilen shughullan’ghuchilar.
(4) Amérikida shu kesp bilen shughullinidighan adem
yétishmeywatqan kesptikiler,
mesilen séstiralar.
Amérikida
doxturluq mektepni püttürgen
yaki munasiwetlik penler boyiche PhD unwani alghanlarning
köpinchisi yuqirida dep
ötken chet elliklerge béridighan töwen maashqa
ishlimigenliki üchün, Amérikidiki
nurghun uniwérsitétlar we tetqiqat organliri her yili
köplep chet eldin adem élishqa
muxtaj. Aliy mektep we tetqiqat organlirining köpinchisi ixtisadiy
kirim keltürmeydighan
hem Amérikining dölet ghezinisidin kelgen pul bilen
tetqiqat élip baridighan organ
bolghanchqa, Amérika hökümitining ulargha alahide
siyasiti bar, yeni ular töwen
maashliq chet el mutexesislirini yallap ishlitish hoquqidin alahide
behrimen bolidighan
orunlar hésaplinidu. Adettiki ixtisadiy kirim keltüridighan
organlar yaki bazarliq
kesplerning maash ölchimi yuqiri bolghachqa, bu xildiki
xizmetlerni qilishni xalaydighan
kishiler köp, riqabet küchlük, shunga bu organlarning
chet eldin adem yallap ishlitishining
hajiti yoq, yeni ular bermekchi bolghan maashqa Amérikidin
köplep adem tépilidu.
Amérikigha Kélishte
Muhim Bolghan Wiza Türliri
F-1 viza asasliqi
Amérikigha kélip oqumaqchi
bolghan oqughichilargha bérilidu. Bu wizini élish
üchün TOEFL, GRE lardin yuqiri
netije bolushi, Amérika tereptin oqush mukapat puligha
érishken bolushi kérek. Bu
xil wizining Amérikigha kélishtiki inawetlik waqti adette
6 aydin 1 yilghiche bolup,
Amérikigha kelgendin kéyin I-20 ning inawetlik waqti
qanche uzun bolsa, Amérikida
shunche uzun turghili bolidu. Bu wiza bilen Amérikigha
kelgenler, heptisige adette
20 saet qanunluq ishlesh hoquqigha ige. Bu xil wiza bilen kelgenler,
Amérikigha
kelgendin kéyin
F-2 viza F-1 wiza
alghuchining ayali we
balisigha bérilidighan wiza bolup, bu xil wiza bilen
kelgenlerning, Amérikida turush
waqti pütünley F-1 wizigha baghliq. F-1 wizining waqti toshsa
bu wizining waqtimu
tebii axirlishidu. Bu xil wiza bilen Amérikida qanunluq
ishligili bolmaydu.
J-1 wiza
Amérikigha kélip bilim ashurmaqchi
bolghanlar yeni visiting scholar" (交换学者) ge bérilidu.
Bu
xil wizining waqtimu 6 aydin 1 yilghiche bolup, Amérikida
turalaydighan waqti I-66
diki waqitqa baghliq. Adette eng uzun bolghanda 3 yil bolidu. 3 yildin
kéyin adette
choqum esli döletke qaytip kétish telep qilinidu. Eger
Amérikida dawamliq turmaqchi
bolsa, esli döliti (Home Country) din "kechürüm" (J-1
waiver) qilishi
kérek. Bu wiza bilen xalighanche xizmet qilghili bolmaydu. Peqet
I-66 ning üstidiki
teminligen orundila xizmet qilish hoquqi bolidu.
J-2 wiza J-1 wiza
alghuchining jörisige
we balisigha bérilidighan wiza bolup, bu wiza bilen
Amérikigha kelgenlerning Amérikida
turush waqti J-1 wizigha baghliq. J-1 wiza kechürüm qilinsa
bu wiza bilen kelgüchimu
tebii halda kechürüm qilinidu. Bu xil wiza bilen
Amérikigha kelgenler Amérikining
Köchmenler Idarisidin xizmet qilix kénishkisige iltimas
qilip testiqlan’ghandin
kéyin xalighan orunda qanunluq xizmet qilghili bolidu.
H-1B wiza xizmet
wizisi bolup, asasliqi
yuqiri pen-téxnika xadimliri, alahide qol hünerwen yaki
Amérikida kem uchraydighan
kesptiki ishchi xizmetchilerge (qol hünerwenlerge,
séstiralargha), mutexessislerge
shundaqla bezi diniy xizmetchilerge bérilidu. Bu wiza bilen
Amérikida mengülük turush
hoquqigha (Green Card) iltimas qilghili bolidu. Bu xil wiza bilen
Amérikigha kelgenlerning
Amérikida turush waqti adette 3 yil, eng uzun bolghanda 6 yil
bolidu. Bu 6 yil ichide
choqum «Green Card»qa iltimas qilish kérek, bolmisa
Amérikidin kétish kérek. 6 yil
toshqandin kéyin bu wizigha qayta iltimas qilighili bolmaydu.
H-4 wiza H-1 wiza
alghuchining jörisi we
balisigha bérilidighan wiza bolup, bu wiza bilen
Amérikigha kelgüchining Amérikida
turush waqti pütünley H-1 wiza alghuchigha baghliq bolidu. Bu
xil wiza bilen Amérikida
qanunluq ishligili bolmaydu.
Tébbiy Penler Saheside Amérikigha Kélip Post-Doc Bolush Yolliri
Yazghuchi: Memet Emin
Amérikining
Post-doc
Tüzümi
Amérikida
tébbiy penler boyiche doktorluq
(MD yaki PhD) unwani alghan oqughuchilar bolupmu kelgüside
tetqiqat we yaki oqu-oqutush
ishliri bilen shughullinishni meqset qilghan oqughuchilar
kelgüsige asas sélish
üchün, aldin bilen birer tébbiy tetqiqat ornida
post-doc bolup ishleydu. Adette
post-docning waqti oxshash bir tetqiqat ornida eng köp bolghanda 3
yil bolup, bezide
orun almashqandin kéyin yene 3 yil post-doc bolghili bolidu,
biraq post-docqa bérilidighan
maash nisbeten töwen bolghanliqi üchün, köpinche
post-doc bolghanlar bir qarar yeni
3 yil post-doc bolghandin kéyin resmiy xizmet tépishning
yolini qilidu. Post-doc
bolghanlar adette birer projekitni chöridigen halda mexsus
tetqiqat bilen shughullinip,
shu sahade muntizim terbiyilinidu (get a special training in a specific
field).
Amérikidiki
Tébbiy
Tetqiqat Orunlirining Qisqiche Ehwali
Tébbiy penler
boyiche post-doc bolghanlar
adette tetqiqat tejribixanlirida (research lab) tetqiqat élip
baridighan bolup,
bu tejribixanilar 3 xil oxshimighan türdiki tejribixanilarni
öz ichige alidu. Birinchisi
Amérikining her qaysi shitat we sheherlirige tarqalghan shexsiy
we hökümetning uniwérsitétliridiki
tébbiy tetqiqat tejribixaniliri bolup, bu xildiki tejribixanilar
Amérikidiki tébbiy
tetqiqat tejribixanilarning mutleq köp qismini igileydu.
Ikkinchisi Amérika Fediral
Hökümetning tébbiy tetqiqat tejribixaniliri bolup, bu
asasliqi Amérikining Döletlik
Saqliqni Saqlash Instituti (National Institute of Health or NIH)
qarimiqidiki tejribixanilarni
öz ichige alidu. Üchinchisi Amérikidiki ximiye, dora
we tébbiy üsküniler shirketliri
qarimiqidiki tetqiqat tejribixanilardin ibaret.
Yuqiriqi üch xil
tejribixana ichide, aldinqi
ikki xildiki tejribixana asasen Amérika hökümitining
Döletlik Saqliqni Saqlash Instituti
(National Institute of Health or NIH) din alghan tetqiqat xirajitige
(research grant)
tayinip tetqiqat élip baridighan bolup, ixtisadiy kirim
keltürmeydighan orunlar
hésablinidu. Ularning tetqiqat netijisidin pütün
jem’iyet heqsiz paydilinidu. Bu
tejribixanilarning tetqiqat xirajiti cheklik bolghanliqi
üchün, post-doclargha we
bashqa xizmetchilirige béridighan maashi nisbeten töwen,
shunga kirish nisbeten
asan. Bu xildiki tejribixanilarda tetqiqat bilen
shughullinidighanlarning köp qismi
dunyda eng dangliq bolghan tébbiy tetqiqatchilar we alimlar
bolup, özlirini tébbiy
tetqiqat ishliri üchün béghishliwetkenler. Tarixta
tébbiy penler boyiche Nobél Mukapatigha
Amérikiliq tébbiy alimlarning mutleq köp qismi mushu
xildiki tébbiy tetqiqat tejribixanilarda
tetqiqat bilen shughullan’ghanlar bolup, ularning köp qismi pul
üchün emes belki
xizmetke bolghan qizghinliqi üchün bu xil xizmetlerni
tallighanlar.
Shirket qarimiqidiki
tébbiy tetqiqat tejribixanilirining
tetqiqat xirajitining köp qismi shirkettin
biwasite kélidighan bolup, ular nisbeten ixtisadi kirim
keltüridighan orunlar
hésablinidu. Ularning tetqiqat netijisi köpinche hallarda
sélin’ghan meblighidin
nechche
Amérikidiki
tébbiy tetqiqat tejribixanilirining
chong-kichikliki shu tejribixanining bashliqi bolghan
proféssorning NIH din alghan
tetqiqat xirajitining az-köplüki bilen biwasite munasiwetlik
bolup, adette her bir
tejribixanida 3 tin 20 ge qeder adem ishleydu. Köpinche
tejribexanilarda 6, 7 adem
bolidu. Bularning ichide adette yérimi dégüdek
post-doc bolup, qalghanliri Proféssor,
Dotsént, Yardemchi Professor(léktor), Tetqiqatchi,
Kandidat tetqiqatchi, Yardemchi
tetqiqatchi, Téxnik qatarliqlarni öz ichige alidu. Bir
tejribixanida bularning hemmisining
bolushi shert emes, biraq kem dégende bir yaki birdin yuqiri Proféssor yaki Dotsént bolushi
kérek.
Amérikida
tetqiqat tejribixanilar gerche
musteqil organ bolmisimu, biraq, adem élishta, shu tejribixana
bashliqi bolghan
proféssor toluq hoquqqa ige. Tejribexanigha adem élishta
yuqirining testiqini élish
hajetsiz. Ular özige yarighan herqandaq ademni ishlitishke
hoquqluq. Bu proféssorlar
Tébbiy Penler
Boyiche
Doctorluq Unwani Alghanlarning Amérikigha Kélip Post-Doc
Bolushta Hazirlashqa Tégishlik
Shertler
Amérikigha
kélip post-doc (博士后) bolush
üchün, aldi
bilen méditsina saheside doktorluq unwani (MD, Doctor of
Medicine, 医学博士) élish, yaki
bolmisa
Biochemistry (生物化学), Biology(生
物学),
Genetics (遗传学), Histology (组
织学),
Immunology (免疫学),
Microbiology
(微生物学), Bacteriology ( 细
菌学),
Virology ( 病毒学), Molecular Biology (分子生物学), Molecular Biophysics (分子生物物理学), Pathology ( 病理学) , Pathophysiology
( 病理生理学), Pharmacology (药理学), Physiology (生理学) qatarliq penler
boyiche doktorluq (PhD) unwani élish kérek.
Amérikigha
kélip Post-doc bolush üchün
In’glizchide belgilik sewiyege yétish kérek. Post-doc
bolush üchün gerche TOEFL
imtihani telep qilinmisimu, biraq, wiza élishta we kelgüsi
xizmet jeryanida In’gliz
tili kem bolsa bolmaydighan muhim wasite bolup, belgilik sewiyege
yetmigenlerning
wiza alalishi we kelgüsi xizmetning höddisidin chiqishi qiyin.
Amirkigha kilip
Post-doc bolush uchun towendiki
texnikilarning kop qismi bilen, hich bolmighanda bir qismi bilen tonush
bolush kirek.
1. Laboratory
Routines:
Such as making molar solution (buffer); pH, osmolarity measurement;
cell culture
including cell throw, cell subculture, and cell freeze; using different
kind of
microscopy; etc.
2. Working with
animal: mostly mouse, rat and rabbit.
3. Electrophoresis:
A process by which molecules (such as proteins, DNA, or RNA fragments)
can be separated
according to size and electrical charge by applying an electric current
to them.
Each kind of molecule travels through the medium at a different rate,
depending
on its electrical charge and molecular size.
4. Enzyme-Linked
ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA): a
sensitive method
for serodiagnosis of specific infectious diseases; an in vitro
competitive binding
assay in which an enzyme and its substrate serve as the indicator
system rather
than a radioactive substance; in positive tests, the two yield a
colored or other
easily recognizable substance; tests are made in wells in polystyrene
or other material
to which immunoglobulins or antigenic (viral or other) preparations
readily adsorb;
the enzyme is linked to known immunoglobulin (or antigen) and in
positive tests
remains in the well as part of the antigen-antibody complex available
to react with
its substrate when added.
5. Flow Cytometry:
A method of measuring fluorescence from stained cells that are in
suspension and
flowing through a narrow orifice, usually in combination with one or
two lasers
to activate the dyes; used to measure cell size, number, viability, and
nucleic
acid content with the aid of acridine orange, Kasten's fluorescent
Feulgen stain,
ethidium bromide, trypan blue, and other selected staining reagents
6. Gene transfer
-- incorporation of new DNA into and organism's cells, usually by a
vector such
as a modified virus.
7. Immunofluorescence
Staining: Using specific primary antibody and secondary antibody
conjugated
fluorescence dye to label certain protein or receptor of the cells.
8. Immunohistochemistry
(IHC): is the process of detection of antigens
in tissue using antibodies.
The antibodies can be polyclonal or monoclonal
in origin, the monoclonal ones being more specific in
nature. Immunohistochemistry is widely used for diagnosis of cancers.
9. Immunoprecipitation
(IP) -- the phenomenon of aggregation of sensitized antigen upon
addition of
specific antibody (precipitin) to antigen in solution.
10. Immunoelectrophoresis:
A kind of precipitin test in which the components of one group of
immunological
reactants (usually a mixture of antigens) are first separated on the
basis of electrophoretic
mobility in agar or other medium, the separated components then being
identified,
by means of the technique of double diffusion, on the basis of
precipitates formed
by reaction with components of the other group of reactants (antibodies)
11. Northern
blotting
analysis -- a technique for transferring electrophoretically
resolved RNA segments
from an agarose gel to a nitrocellulose filter paper sheet via
capillary action.
12. Southern
blotting
analysis -- a technique for transferring electrophoretically
resolved DNA segments
from an agarose gel to a nitrocellulose filter paper sheet via
capillary action;
the DNA segment of interest is probed with a radioactive, complementary
nucleic
acid and its position is determined by autoradiography.
13. Western
blotting
analysis -- a technique used to identify a specific protein; the
probe is a
radioactively labeled antibody raised against the protein in question.
14. Polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) -- a technique for copying the complementary
strands of
a target DNA molecule simultaneously for a series of cycles until the
desired amount
is obtained.
15. Data Analysis:
Using computerized data analysis system to analysis experimental data.
Yéngidin
post-doc bolghanlar, birer tejribixanigha
yéngidin kirgendin kéyin, adette kem dégende1, 2
ay bashqilargha egiship tejribe
ishleydighan bolup, melum mezgillik yéngi muhit bilen tonushush
we maslishish imkaniyitigha
ige. Shunga bezi inchike tereplerde bek ensirep kétishning
hajiti yoq.
Amérikigha
Kélip Post-Doc
Bolushqa Iltimas Qilishning Qedem Basquchliri
Doxturluq mektipide
oqughan yaki munasiwetlik
penler boyiche doktorluq unwani alghanlar, Amérikigha
kélip tetqiqat bilen shughullanmaqchi
yaki post-doc (博士后) bolmaqchi bolsa,
töwendiki bir nechche qedem basquchlar
arqiliq közligen meqsitige yételishi tamamen mumkin.
(1) Aldi bilen
özining
qisqiche ehwalini (CV) ölchemlik qilip yézip chiqing.
Yazghan CV da eng yuqiri oqush
tarixi (Highest Education), xizmet tejribisi (Working Experience
including Clinical
and Research Experience), tepsiliy téxnikisi (Detailed
Techniques, what you can
do), élan qilghan maqalisi (Publications including conference),
érishken mukapat
yaki tetqiqat fondi (Awards and or research grants), 3
körsetküchi (3 References)
qatarliq mezmunlarni öz ichige élishi kérek. Undin
bashqa özining néme meqsiti barliqi
toghrisida bir parche xet (cover letter) yézip teyyarlang.
“Cover Letter” sampillirini
http://recruit.sciencemag.org/feature/advice/letters.shl
din körüng.
(2) Andin kéyin
özingiz qiziqidighan yaki
kelgüsi shughullanmaqchi bolghan dairde birer proféssor we
yaki tejribixana téping.
Tapqan proféssor eng yaxshisi resmiy proféssor yaki eng
kem dégende dotsént (Associate
Professor) bolushi, hemde choqum tejribixana bashliqi bolushi yeni bu
proféssorning
özining tetqiqat tejribixanisi bolushi kérek.
(3) Shu tapqan
proféssorgha éléktronluq
xet (e-mail) ewetip özining meqsitini uqturush kérek. CV ni
adette xetke chatma
(attachment) qilip ewetidighan bolup, tunji qétimliq xetke
qoshup ewetsimu bolidu,
kéyin ewetsimu bolidu. Köpinche kishiler
proféssorning adem alidighan almaydighanliqini
bilmigechke, aldi bilen özining meqsitini ipadileydighan
«Target Letter» ewetip
körüp béqip, proféssordin jawab kelgendin
kéyin andin CV ni chatma (attachment)
qilip ewetidu. Qarshi terepning adem alidighan-almaydighanliqini
bilmigen ehwal
astida, bir-ikki proféssorgha xet yézip qoyupla toxtap
qalsingiz, közligen meqsitingizge
hergizmu yételmeysiz. Shunga érinmey köprek
proféssor tépip, xet yézip turushingiz
kérek.
(4)
(5) Birer
proféssorr sizni élishni qarar
qilghandin kéyin, kéreklik resmiyetlerning köp
qismini sizni almaqchi bolghan proféssor
Amérikining Köchmenler Idarisi arqiliq Amérikida
püttürüp, sizge yollap béridu.
(6) Siz qarshi
terepning munasiwetlik resmiyetlirini
tapshurup élishning aldi-keynide, wiza élishqa puxta
teyyarliq qiling. Adette post-doc
bolghuchilardin alahide imtihan élinmisimu, biraq til jehette
belgilik sewiyege
yétish telep qilinidu.
(7) Post-docqa
bérilidighan wiza adette
J-1 we H-1B dep ikki xil bolup, bezide
sizni
almaqchi bolghan proféssor sizdin qaysi wiza bilen
Amérikigha kélisen dep soraydu.
J-1 wiza bilen Amérikigha kelgenlerge adette yiligha 18 ming
dollardin 24 ming dollar
etrapida maash béridighan bolup (elwette bezi shitat we bezi
tejribixanilarda uningdin
yuqiri bérishimu mumkin), alahide san cheklimisi yoq, bu xil
wizini élish sel asan.
H-1B viza bilen Amérikigha kelgenlerge bérilidighan
maash adette yiligha 34 ming dollardin 55 ming dollar etrapida bolup,
her yili belgilik
san cheklimisi bar, bu xil wizigha iltimas qilghanlar sel köp
bolup, riqabet küchlük,
élish sel qiyin. Shunga siz özingizning ehwaligha asasen
jawab bersingiz bolidu.
Wizigha munasiwetlik
matériyallarni töwendiki tor betlerge kirip
körüng:
http://travel.state.gov/visa/visa_1750.html
http://travel.state.gov/visa/temp/types/types_1271.html
http://uscis.gov/graphics/services/visas.htm
http://travel.state.gov/visa/temp/types/types_1267.html
http://www.embassyworld.com/embassy/usa1.htm
http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/
Amérikida
Post-Doc
Bolushqa Proféssor Tépish Yolliri
Töwendiki
birnechche
usul we qedem basquchlar arqiliq siz izdimekchi bolghan
proféssorlarni tapalishingiz
mumkin.
Birinchi xil usul
tébbiy jurnallarda élan qilin’ghan maqaliler arqiliq
proféssor tépish
(1) Siz qiziqidighan
yaki kelgüsi qilmaqchi bolghan sahediki achquchluq sözlerni
(key word) tépip, töwendiki
tor betliridin izdep, munasiwetlik maqalilerni téping.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi
yaki www.yahoo.com
Siz izdep tapqan
maqalilerning
köpinchisining peqetla abistrakit (qisqiche mezmun) bolup, toluq
tékistini körüsh
üchün heq telep qilidu, shundaqtimu köprek izdisingiz
yenila yéterlik heqsiz maqalilerni
tapalaysiz.
(2) Bu tapqan
maqalilerni
körüp chiqip, qiziqidighan qiziqmaydighanliqingizni yaki
özingizge mas kélidighan
kelmeydighanliqini békiting.
(3) Amérikida
élan
qilin’ghan maqalining birinchi aptori adette shu maqalidiki
tejribilerni ishligüchi
bolup, eng axirqi aptor köpinche hallarda shu tejribixanining
bashliqi yeni bash
proféssor bolidu. Shunga
Ikkinchi xil usul
aliy mektep yaki tetqiqat orunlirining tor béti arqiliq
proféssor tépish
(1)
Aliy
mektep yaki
tetqiqat
orunlirining tor bétige bérip, u yerdin Medical School
yaki Research dégen yerni
tépip, andin kéyin siz qiziqidighan pen yaki sahege
teelluq bolghan fakultét (Department)
ni téping, uningdin kéyin shu fakultéttiki
tetqiqat tejribixanilargha (Research
Lab) kirip, tejribixana bashliqi (Lab Direktor) ni téping.
(2)
Tapqan
proféssorning
tonushturulushi bilen tetqiqat yönilishini, élan qilghan
maqalirini körüp chiqip,
özingizning qiziqidighan qiziqmaydighanliqingizni yaki
özingizge mas kélidighan
kelmeydighanliqini békiting.
Mesilen http://www.harvard.edu/
kirip “School” dégen yerni bassingiz töwendiki
adrésqa kirisiz http://www.harvard.edu/academics/
Andin kéyin “Research
programs ” dégennini bassingiz, töwendiki
adrésqa
kirisiz. http://www.harvard.edu/academics/research.html,
“Medical School”
ni körüsiz.
“Medical School”
ni bassingiz
http://www.hms.harvard.edu/research.html
ge kirisiz.
U yerde Postdoctoral
Opportunities at HMS
dégenni körisiz. U yerdin izdisingizmu bolidu, yaki bolmisa
özingiz qiziqidighan
penler boyiche izdisingizmu bolidu.
“Faculty”
dégenni bésip
kirsingiz, http://cellbio.med.harvard.edu/faculty/index.html
ge kirisiz we nurghun proféssorlarning ismi körüsiz.
Oxshimighan
uniwérsitétning tor betliride az-tola perqler
bolsimu, biraq tejribixana we proféssorlarning isim-famile we
e-mail adrésini tépish
asasen oxshiship kétidu.
Üchinchi
xil usul munasiwetlik
tor betlerdiki Job opportunity yaki career dégen élanlar
arqiliq proféssor yaki
tejribixana tépish. Adette bezi tor betlerde élan qilghan
xizmet élanlirining telipi
bir az yuqiri yaki Amérikidiki kishilerni asas qilidighan
bolsimu, biraq bu élanlar
arqiliq orun tépishning mumkinchiliki yenila bar.
Mesilen
Science jornilining
bu tor bétige http://www.sciencemag.org/
ge kirsingiz, science career dégen körisiz, uni
bésip kirsingiz xizmet tépishqa
ait her xil uchurlar tapalaysiz.
Amérikidiki Bir
Qisim
Uniwérsitét We Munasiwetlik Orunlarning Tor Betliri
Harvard University
(MA) http://www.harvard.edu/
Yale University (CT)
http://www.yale.edu/
Stanford University
(CA) http://www.stanford.edu
University of
Duke University (NC)
http://www.duke.edu/
Cornell University
(NY) http://www.cornell.edu
Rice University (TX)
http://www.rice.edu
Brown University (RI)
http://www.brown.edu
Johns
Emory University (GA)
http://www.emory.edu
University of
Vanderbilt University
(TN) http://www.vanderbilt.edu
Carnegie Mellon
University
(PA) http://www.cmu.edu
Brandeis University
(MA) http://www.brandeis.edu
Univ. of Southern
Case Western Reserve
Univ. (OH) http://www.cwru.edu
Lehigh University
(PA) http://www2.lehigh.edu/home.html
University of
American Association
of Cardiovascular & Pulmonary Rehabilitation (AACPR)
American Association
of Respiratory Care (AARC) http://www.aarc.org/
American Heart
Association
http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=1200000
American Lung
Association
(
American Psychological
Association (APA) http://www.apa.org/
American Thoracic
Society http://www.thoracic.org/
National
Pulmonary Pathology
Society http://www.pulmonarypath.org/
Journal List http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/IBIDS/journals.html
AJP - Cell Physiology
http://ajpcell.physiology.org/
American Journal of
Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/
American Journal of
Respiratory and Cell Molecular Biology
http://ajrcmb.atsjournals.org/
Biochemical Journal
http://bj.portlandpress.co.uk/bj.htm
Biochemistry and Cell
Biology
http://www.cisti.nrc.ca/cgi-bin/cisti/journals/rp/rp2_desc_e?bcb
Journal of Cell
Biology
http://www.jcb.org/
Science www.sciencemag.org
American Journal of
Pathology http://ajp.amjpathol.org/
The Journal of
Immunology
http://www.jimmunol.org/
BD (Bacton Dickinson
Company) http://www.bd.com/
BD Biosciences http://www.bdbiosciences.com
Bio-Rad http://www.bio-rad.com/B2B/BioRad/br_start.jsp
Pharmingen http://www.pharmingen.com
Roche Molecular
Biochemicals
http://www.rochemolecularbiochemicals.ca/index.php
Sigma http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/
Sigma Life Science
http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/Area_of_Interest/Life_Science.html
Transduction
Laboratories
http://www.translab.com
Upstate
http://www.upstatebiotech.com/
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